Preeclampsia is one of the most important pregnancy conditions expectant mothers should understand. While it affects roughly 5–8% of pregnancies, early detection and proper medical care can dramatically reduce complications for both mom and baby. If you’re pregnant and researching topics like “early signs of preeclampsia,” “how to prevent preeclampsia naturally,” or “what causes high blood pressure during pregnancy,” you’re not alone—millions of women search for these questions every year.

This guide provides an in-depth, easy-to-understand explanation of preeclampsia, its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is designed to be helpful no matter where you are in your pregnancy journey.

What Is Preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy, usually combined with signs of organ stress—most commonly involving the liver and kidneys. Many women search for “preeclampsia in the third trimester,” but the condition can also appear as early as the second trimester. It is part of a group of conditions known as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including:

• Gestational hypertension - Eclampsia (preeclampsia with seizures) - HELLP syndrome (a severe form involving liver and blood abnormalities)

What Causes Preeclampsia?

The exact cause remains unknown, but experts believe it originates from abnormal placental development. Several factors may play a role:

• Placental blood vessel abnormalities Poor blood flow may trigger inflammation and widespread vascular damage.
• Immune responses Some women may have immune reactions to the placenta or baby’s DNA.
• Genetics Family history matters—daughters of women who had preeclampsia have higher risk.
• Pre-existing medical conditions Women with hypertension, kidney disease, diabetes, or autoimmune disorders experience elevated risk.

Who Is at Risk for Preeclampsia?

Anyone can develop preeclampsia, but certain factors increase likelihood.

Symptoms of Preeclampsia

The earliest symptom is often elevated blood pressure detected during prenatal visits. However, more noticeable symptoms may develop:

• Persistent, severe headaches
• Blurry vision, flashing lights, seeing spots 
• Sudden swelling of face, hands, or feet
• Rapid weight gain
• Upper right abdominal pain 
• Nausea or vomiting in late pregnancy
• Shortness of breath - Reduced urine output

How Preeclampsia Is Diagnosed

Doctors use several tests to confirm preeclampsia:

Blood Pressure Monitoring A reading of 140/90 or higher on two occasions at least four hours apart is a red flag.

Urine Testing Protein in urine (proteinuria) shows kidney involvement.

Blood Tests To assess: - Platelet levels - Liver function - Kidney function

Ultrasound Evaluations These check fetal growth, placental health, and amniotic fluid levels.

Mild vs. Severe Preeclampsia

Mild Preeclampsia: High blood pressure - Protein in urine - No major organ dysfunction

Severe Preeclampsia: BP of 160/110 or higher - Severe headaches - Vision changes - Liver/kidney issues - Very low platelets - Potential danger to baby’s growth

How Preeclampsia Affects the Baby

Reduced blood flow to the placenta may cause:

Fetal Growth Restriction (IUGR) Baby may not grow as expected due to limited nutrients.

Low Amniotic Fluid A sign the placenta is under stress.

Preterm Delivery If preeclampsia becomes severe, early delivery may be necessary.

Treatment Options for Preeclampsia

There is only one true cure: delivering the baby and placenta. But treatment varies depending on gestational age and severity.

Before 37 Weeks (Early Preeclampsia)

Doctors may recommend: -

• Bed rest (in some cases)
• Blood pressure medication
• Regular ultrasounds
• Twice-weekly monitoring
• Hospital observation

Severe Preeclampsia Urgent treatment may include: 

• Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures
• IV antihypertensives
• Steroids to mature the baby’s lungs
• Immediate delivery if maternal or fetal health is at risk
• Delivery If pregnancy has reached 37 weeks—or earlier if severe—delivery becomes the safest option.

Preventing Preeclampsia: What Research Shows

While no method guarantees prevention, several proven strategies reduce risk:

• Low-dose aspirin (81 mg) starting at 12–16 weeks (doctor prescribed)
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Staying physically active
• Eating a nutrient dense diet
• Keeping blood pressure under control
• Managing blood sugar levels

Postpartum Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia can also develop after delivery, typically within 48 hours, but sometimes up to 6 weeks later.

Symptoms include:

• Severe headaches
• Vision changes
• Swelling
• High blood pressure
• Shortness of breath

When to Call a Doctor

You should seek medical help right away if you experience: Vision changes, Severe headaches, Sudden swelling, Sharp upper abdominal pain, Persistent shortness of breath, Decreased fetal movement

Preeclampsia is a serious but manageable condition when detected early. Prenatal appointments, home blood pressure monitoring, and recognizing symptoms can make a life-saving difference. Whether you’re researching “early signs of preeclampsia,” “preeclampsia treatment options,” or “how to lower blood pressure during pregnancy,” staying informed is one of the best ways to protect yourself and your baby.